BAB I
The Origins of
Language and Animals and Human Language
By, Abi
Rohmad/130511100141
1. The origins of language
a.
Origin of language
We do know that the ability to produce sound and simple vocal
patterning(a hum versus a grunt, for example)appears to be an ancient part of
the brain that we share with all vertebrates, including fish, frogs, birds, and
others. But, is not human language.
b.
The divine source
As Sarasvati, wife of Brahma. A few experiment have been carried
out, with rather conflicting result. If human infants were allowed to grow up
without hearing any language around them, then they would spontaneously begin
using the original God-given language.
c.
The natural sound source
The basice idea is that primitive word could have been imitations
of the natural sounds which early men and women heard around them. When an
object flew by, making a caw-caw sound, the early human tried to imitate
the sound and use it to refer to the thing associate with the sound. When another
flying creature made a coo-coo sound, that natural sound was adopted to
refer to that kind of object. This type of view called “bow-wow theory”.
Come from natural cries of emotion such as pain(ouch!, ah!).
d.
The social interaction source
Sounds of “yo-he-ho” is one of theory that the sound of person involved in physical
effort could be the source of our language, especially when that physical
effort involved several people an interaction had to be coordinated. The appeal
is it places to development of human language in a social context. Early people
must have lived in groups, if only because larger groups offered better
protection from attack.
e.
The physical adaptation source
We can look at the types of physical feature human posses,
especially those that are distinct from other creatures, which may have been
able to support speech production. For example our ancestor made very
significant transition to upright posture.
f.
Teeth, lips, mouth, larynx and pharynx
Teeth is sound that very helpful in
making sound such as f or v. Lips help making sound like p or
b. Mouth is relatively small compared to other primates. Tongue
use to shape a wide variety of sound inside the oral cavity. Larynx containing
the vocal folds or vocal cord. And the last pharynx is acts as a
resonator for increased range and clarity of the sound produced via the larynx
and the vocal tract.
g.
The tool-making source
The tool-making, or the outcome of manipulating objects and changing them using both hands,
is evidence of brain at work.
h.
The genetic source
Innateness hypothesis would
seem to point to something in human genetics, possibly a crucial mutation, as
the source. Speculations about the origins of language moving away from fossil
evidence and concepts taken from the study of genetics. The investigation of
the origins of language then turns into a search for the special “ language
gene” that only human posses.
BAB
II
2. Animals
and human language
i.
Communication
When we talk about distinctions between human language and animal
communication, we are considering both in term of their potential as a means of
intentional communication.
j.
Properties of human language
Human are clearly able to reflect on language and it’s uses. This
is reflexivity. Reflexiveness accounts for the fact that we can use language to
think and talk about language itself, making it one of distinguishing of human
language.
§ Displacement
Animal cannot
effectively be use to relate events that are far removed in time and place. In
contrast, human language users are normally capable of producing messages and
then going on to say in fact. Property of human language is called
displacement.
§ Arbitrariness
Aspect of
relationship between linguistic signs and object in the world is describe as
arbitrariness.
§ Productivity
Human are
continually creating new expression and novel utterances by manipulating their
linguistic resources to describe new object and situation.
§ Cultural
transmission
Process whereby
a language is passed on from one generation to the next is describe as cultural
transmission.
§ Duality
Human language
is organized at two levels or layers simultaneously. His property is called
duality.
§
Talking to animal
Spoken language directed by human to animal, apparently under the
impression that the animal follows what is being said.The standard explanation
is that the animal produces a particular behaviour in response to a particular
sound-stimulus or noisy, but does not actually” understand” what the words in
the noisy mean.
k.
Chipanzees and language
a)
Chimpanzee and language(1930s, by Luella and Winthrop Kellogg).
b)
Washoe(Beatrix and Allen Gardner).
c)
Sarah and Lana(Ann and David Premack).
d)
Nim(Hebert Terrace) which has controversy with washoe.
e)
Kanzi(son of Matata experimented by Sue Savaga-Rumbaugh)
l.
Using language
One solution
might be to stop thinking of language, at least in the phrase ”using language”,
as a single thing that one can either have or not have. Language does serve as
a type of communication system that can be observed in variety of different
situation.
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